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Researchers at UC Davis’s Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC) have designed a modular data center for AI computing that packs 1.5 megawatts of computing power into the volume of a standard 40-foot shipping container—and keeps it cool without energy-intensive compressor-based systems. Better still, the sealed-loop design rejects heat directly to the air, consuming no water at all.

Typical ventilation controllers are programmed only for energy savings. For example, a demand-control ventilation system with economizer cooling will pull in outdoor air whenever it’s cool enough to give the compressor a break—but it has no idea what’s in that air. On a smoky day, the system will do its job and lower indoor temperatures while filling the building with PM2.5 from wildfire smoke. Traditional controllers simply can’t tell the difference.